有所思
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南北朝]：沈约
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西征登陇首，东望不见家。
关树抽紫叶，塞草发青芽。
昆明当欲满，葡萄应作花。
流泪对汉使，因书寄狭斜。
有所思译文及注释
译文
西征登上大陇山头，往东眺望看不见故乡。
边关树木抽出紫叶，塞外小草发出青芽。
昆明春水当已涨满，葡萄也该已经开花。
对着汉使热泪长流，请把捎信寄往长安的曲巷里头。
注释
有所思：属乐府古辞鼓吹曲。
陇（lǒng）首：今陕西陇城县有大陇山曰“陇首”。
关树：边关的树木。
昆明：长安附近有昆明池，武帝时造成。春能积雪，江湖水满。
作花：开花。
因书：捎去书信。 狭邪：长安的街道，代指故乡。
有所思创作背景
《有所思》原是乐府《鼓吹曲辞·汉饶歌》十八曲之一，写一个女子决意要与负心郎断绝关系而又难下决心的复杂而悲伤的心情。南朝齐永明初年，沈约也以“有所思”为题作诗，以与其他诗人所作的“有所思”相与唱和。
参考资料：
1、贺新辉．古诗鉴赏辞典（中）：中国妇女出版社，2004年：1055-1056页
2、匡扶．甘肃历代诗文词曲鉴赏辞典：敦煌文艺出版社，1994年：39页
有所思鉴赏
这是一首和诗，刘绘、萧衍所作的和诗主旨均为一般男女相思之作。刘绘“佳人不相见，明月空在帷”托意思妇，萧衍“腰中双绮带，梦为同心结”也是思念良人之作。而这首诗特点在于写GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人思家情绪，并描绘了边塞风光。
首两句“西征登陇首，东望不见家”。陇首，表明抒情主人身份是征戍之人。远征在外，登大陇山东望而见不到故乡的情景，领起全篇。三、四句承接“望”字，东望不见家，见到的是边关景物，塞上风光：草木抽叶发芽，意味着时序变换，春到人间，紫叶、青芽，色彩新美。边地异域风物变换触动GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人的乡思。五、六两句，用设想推开出去，宕出故乡景象来：“昆明当欲满，蒲萄应作花。”春天到来，冰融雪化，江湖水满，GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>征人想象故乡当是春池水满，景色宜人，比起关塞来另是一种风光。内地比边塞暖和，引进的葡萄该已开花。那葡萄开花的庭院里，居住着眷念边塞的亲人。多少往事堪回想，家中一切，今又如何，本是虚写之笔却如此具体亲切。最后两句“流泪对汉使，因书寄狭邪。”正在急切思念家园的时候，见到朝中派来的使者，不禁热泪长流，请他捎去深情的书信，转达到我那望不见的家园。
全诗起承转合，章法严谨，情景相融。虚实并举，文辞精拔；韵律和谐。唐封演《闻见录》载：“周颞好为韵语，因此切字皆有平上去入之异，永明中，沈约文辞精拔，盛解音律，遂撰四声谱。时王融、刘绘、范云之徒，恭而扇之，由是远近文字，转相祖述，而声韵之道大行。”这首诗正属于永明年间出现的佳作，所谓永明体诗歌。音调之美是永明体诗歌的首要条件，沈约言：“欲使宫羽相变，低昂互节，若前有浮声，则后须切响，一简之内，音韵尽殊，两句之中，轻重悉异，妙达此旨，始可为文。”如果以浮声理解为平声，切响理解为仄声的话，此诗所有诗句均做到了“前有浮声，则后须切响”，如首两句“平平平上上，平去入去平”，四声变化有节，发音轻重协调，若第九字“见”为平声，则完全符律句要求。从句法结构上看，中两联已是对句，若在声律上稍作调整，就与五言律体无异。
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王恭《
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春雁》
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雍陶《
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和孙明府怀旧山》
沈约简介
唐代·沈约的简介
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沈约（441~513年），字休文，汉族，吴兴武康（今浙江湖州德清）人，南朝史学家、文学家。出身于门阀士族家庭，历史上有所谓“江东之豪，莫强周、沈”的说法，家族社会地位显赫。祖父沈林子，宋征虏将军。父亲沈璞，宋淮南太守，于元嘉末年被诛。沈约孤贫流离，笃志好学，博通群籍，擅长诗文。历仕宋、齐、梁三朝。在宋仕记室参军、尚书度支郎。著有《晋书》、《宋书》、《齐纪》、《高祖纪》、《迩言》、《谥例》、《宋文章志》，并撰《四声谱》。作品除《宋书》外，多已亡佚。
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