水调歌头·题李季允侍郎鄂州吞云楼
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宋代]:戴复古
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轮奂半天上,胜概压南楼。筹边独坐,岂欲登览快双眸。浪说胸吞云梦,直把气吞残虏,西北望神州。百载一机会,人事恨悠悠。
骑黄鹤,赋鹦鹉,谩风流。岳王祠畔,杨柳烟锁古今愁。整顿乾坤手段,指授英雄方略,雅志若为酬。杯酒不在手,双鬓恐惊秋。
水调歌头·题李季允侍郎鄂州吞云楼译文及注释
译文
高敞华美的楼阁矗立半天,南楼的胜概也不能同它比肩。你独坐阁上筹策御边,不单是为了满足观景的快感。别止说胸中能吞纳云梦的幅员,你的浩气直把残剩的金虏尽行席卷,朝着西北时时眺望沦陷的中原。千载难逢的战机就在眼前,只可叹人事上总有无止尽的恨憾。
王子安在这里骑鹤登仙,祢衡在这里写下《鹦鹉》的赋篇,都已算不上什么风流事件。看岳王祠畔杨柳如烟,古往今来的愁意凝聚不散。你的手段足以去再造河山,你的方略足以向英雄授传,可高尚的抱负又何从施展?如果手中不时时举起酒盏,只怕会惊异地发现,两鬓上已是秋霜一片。
注释
水调歌头:词牌名。唐朝大曲有《水调歌》,据《隋唐嘉话》,为隋炀帝凿汴河时所作。宋乐入“中吕调”,见《碧鸡漫志》卷四。凡大曲有“歌头”,此殆裁截其首段为之。九十五字,前后片各四平韵。亦有前后片两六言句夹叶仄韵者,有平仄互叶几于句句用韵者。
李季允:名植。曾任礼部侍郎,沿江制置副使并知鄂州(今湖北武昌)。
轮奂:高大华美。
南楼:在湖北鄂城县南。
独坐:一个人坐着。
快:快感。
西北望神州:朝着西北时时眺望沦陷的中原。
百载:百年。谓时间长久。
骑黄鹤:词出崔颢诗“昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空余黄鹤楼。”
1赋鹦鹉:吞云楼近鹦鹉洲,东汉名士祢衡曾在洲上作《鹦鹉赋》。
风流:犹遗风;流风余韵。
岳王祠:惨死在秦桧手中的抗金名将岳飞的祠堂。直至宋宁宗时才追封为鄂王、建立祠庙。
烟锁:烟雾笼罩
整顿:整饬,整治。
乾坤:称天地。
指授:指导;传授。
方略:计划;权谋;策略。
雅志:平素的意愿。
惊秋:秋令蓦地来到。
参考资料:
1、韦立军.宋词鉴赏辞典.北京:北京出版社,2009:196
水调歌头·题李季允侍郎鄂州吞云楼创作背景
宋宁宗嘉定十四年(1221),金兵侵扰黄州、蕲州一带,南宋军队一再击败来犯之敌,民心振奋,一度造成了“百载好机会”的有利形势。在这一年,李季允(名埴)出任沿江制置副使兼知鄂州(今武昌),修建了吞云楼。此时戴复古正在武昌,登高楼而览胜,写下了上面这首词。
参考资料:
1、秋实.唐诗宋词元曲大全集:中国文学出版社,2011年:135
水调歌头·题李季允侍郎鄂州吞云楼鉴赏
“轮奂半天上,胜概压南楼。”开篇突兀而起。紧扣题目,描写吞云楼的胜概。巍巍高楼,直耸云天,华美、壮观。第一句是作者站在远处仰望云端,直抒赞赏之情,是正面描写楼之高耸入云。第二句用对比手法,说吞云楼的雄姿胜概足以压倒武昌黄鹤山上的南楼。这个对比很巧妙,“南楼”是诗词中常提及的名胜,其中有一个著名典故。《世说新语·容止》记载:“庾太尉(亮)在武昌,秋夜气佳景清,使吏殷浩、王胡之之徒登南楼理咏。音调始遒,闻函道中有屐声甚厉,定是庾公。俄而率左右十许人步来,诸贤欲起避之,公徐云:‘诸君少住,老子于此处兴复不浅。’因便据胡床与诸人咏谑,竟坐甚得任乐。”庾亮是东晋声名赫赫的人物,拥重兵镇武昌,号征西将军。李季允身份、职务与庾亮有某些相近,作者言吞云楼胜压南楼,言下有李季允胜过庾亮之意,这不免有些夸大,但是应酬之作中的常见现象。然而词人却不停留于一般的恭维,笔势出人意外地来了一个逆转:“筹边独坐,岂欲登览快双眸”。如此巍峨华美的楼,登临纵目,自然是赏心乐事;然而对李侍郎来说,重任在身,也没有观赏风景的闲情。李侍郎即使登楼,也是为了观察地形,然后独坐苦苦思索破敌大计,这又暗与当年庾亮登南楼的风流雅事对比,衬托出今日李侍郎的一片忧国忠心。
下面接着这层意思,进一步借楼写人。在司马相如《子虚赋》中,有位齐国乌有先生对楚国使者子虚夸说齐地广大,并形容道:“吞若云梦(楚地广阔的大泽)者八九,于其胸中曾不蒂芥。”在这首词中,戴复古更翻进一层说:“浪说胸吞云梦,直把气吞残虏,西北望神州。”登上这样的高楼,感到“胸吞云梦”,从这里北望中原,简直有气吞残虏(指金兵)的气概。从此句开始词的现实性逐渐显露出来,作者写此词决不仅仅是为了赞美它的雄伟或恭维楼的建造者,而是为了抒写登楼后“西北望神州”,胸中一腔收复失地的豪情。这里,作者巧妙地化用《子虚赋》语,点出“吞云”楼名的来源,同时也就写出它直入云霄的雄姿,更进一步传楼之神,楼之神即人之神,李侍郎及词人自己抗金的壮志亦可“吞云”。
词写到这里,已将“气吞残虏”的豪情抒写得淋漓尽致,突然文势作了一个大幅度的跌宕:“百载好机会,人事恨悠悠。”词作于1221年,渡江已近百年,终于有了与金作战接连获胜的大好形势,可谓“百年一机会”,可是苟且偷安的南宋朝廷却不能抓住这个好机会,一举收复中原,眼见胜势渐去,英雄亦失去了建功立业、实现抱负的契机,所以词人不禁叹道:“人事恨悠悠”。
词的下片便是将景、情和历史陈迹融为一体,继续抒发“人事恨悠悠”的感慨。从吞云楼上放眼望去,江山胜迹,尽收眼底,望着远处的黄鹤楼想起唐诗人崔颢的诗句:“昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空馀黄鹤楼,黄鹤一去不复返,白云千载空悠悠”,而归结到“日暮乡关何处是,烟波江上使人愁”的悲感。那白浪接天的江中有一片绿地,正是鹦鹉洲。这个风景如画的地方,汉代文学家祢衡在此作出文采惊人的词赋,而有“顾六翮之残毁,虽奋迅其焉如”之叹息。古人的流风遗韵,依稀还在,却已不可追寻。再向那黄鹄山下看,那里添了新景。郁郁葱葱的杨柳生长在旌忠坊岳王祠畔,在那烟笼雾罩之中,深锁着他“十年之力废于一旦”及忠而见杀的遗恨,当年抗金名将岳飞为了“收拾旧山河”,竟至饮恨惨死于投降派的屠刀之下这等悲壮的事,生出无限感慨。借岳飞抗金宏愿实现作者自己壮志未酬之愁。直至今日,中原仍在陷落中,活着的人何以慰忠魂。因此词人又调转笔来,寄厚望于李侍郎“整顿乾坤手段,指授英雄方略”了。同时作者又感到收复中原这项事业的艰巨,心生凄怆。还是让我们来干一杯吧,如果没有酒来解忧,秋风起时,真要愁得双鬓都变白了。
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朱栴《
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念奴娇·雪霁夜月中登楼望贺兰山》
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张孝祥《
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水调歌头·过岳阳楼作》
戴复古简介
唐代·戴复古的简介
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戴复古(1167—?))南宋著名江湖派诗人。字式之,常居南塘石屏山,故自号石屏、石屏樵隐。天台黄岩(今属浙江台州)人。一生不仕,浪游江湖,后归家隐居,卒年八十余。曾从陆游学诗,作品受晚唐诗风影响,兼具江西诗派风格。部分作品抒发爱国思想,反映人民疾苦,具有现实意义。
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释居简
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星历新传误,无人重讲明。日中阴似夜,春半冷如正。
柳欲眠还醒,花犹染不成。燕归多日了,犹自未闻莺。
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葛仙行祠
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宋代:
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郑玠
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身为俗吏趋行部,手艺名香祝有年。
五色雀飞庆荐祉,七星松古自通仙。
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大司徒白翁毕老先生蒙恩予告敬赋
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:
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潘光祖
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留台掌后大司徒,六府修明五典敷。弘济艰难承运泰,坐筹部伍息庚呼。
姬公未是明农日,疏传先怀止足图。人望九章嗟信宿,驾还三径理荒芜。
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次韵题张氏耆逸堂
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宋代:
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汪炎昶
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游戏壶天岁月深,人间又见谪仙人。镜中商岭飘萧发,物外箕山自在身。
安石少徒轻冕绂,伏波老未厌风尘。输君物外全双美,洛社耆英汉逸民。
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奇台
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清代:
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史善长
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远树千堆合,平沙万井开。山通南北套,地接上中台。
日落明驼走,风声驿骑来。紫狐求不易,高阁且徘徊。